Classicism & Romanticism in Music


       The Emotional Ranges of Mozart's and Beethoven's Music

                With the tempering of emotions, Mozart's music could express great joy on the positive 
                 side, but Beethoven's music could very high exuberance and spiritual exhilaration.  
                 (e.g. the "Ode to Joy" in the final movement of the 9th symphony).  

                In negative emotions, Mozart expressed melancholia, sadness, sorrow, and occasionally 
                even grief.  But Beethoven often expressed much darker emotions like anxiety, anger,  
                or even rage. 


      Expressing Classicism and Romanticism in Music


      Towards 19th Century Romanticism   (c. 1802 - 1830)

             After 1800 composers began transitioning away from classicism towards romanticism. 
             he most important composer of this period was Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1826).  
             Beethoven never became a fully romantic composer.  But his explorations of subjective 
             
emotions, his increased use of minor keys, dissonance, sudden volume changes and 
             dramatic silences opened new doors for the early Romantic composers who followed 
             him.   Beethoven also greatly increased the technical aspects of piano playing that would 
             be very important to Chopin, Robert Schumann,  and Franz Liszt in the 1830s.    


       Mozart -    Sonata No. 9 in D major, K 311  (1777)   -  Daniel Barenboim, piano

            What is classical here?  First, it a cheerful and confident piece.  Then notice how the
            music's pulse does not speed up or slow down, but remains constant throughout any 
            one passage, as does the volume level.  This emphasizes the ideals of stability and 
            control.  And notice how the logical and organized design of the  piece is prominent.  

            The piece has one (fairly) simple, clear melody at a time and it has a dignified elegance.   
 
            The music is emotionally positive (and very peppy).  It sounds confident and self assured.   


   Beethoven -  Piano Sonata No. 23 in F minor, Op. 57  ("Appassionata")  (1805)  Mvmt 3
                            Claudio Arrau, piano



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